Effects of 12 months of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on cognitive function, sleep, mood, and health-related quality of life in a peritoneal dialysis patient with obstructive sleep apnea

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Abstract

Introduction

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by recurrent arousal from sleep and intermittent hypoxemia; it is common in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and affects up to 70% of CKD patients [1]. Upper airway obstruction is distinguished by breathing cessations of at least 10 seconds accompanied by oxygen desaturation of 4% or greater, which occur along with inspiratory efforts during sleep. OSA is an important but often underdiagnosed and undertreated sleep condition in the CKD patient population. OSA is associated with impaired health-related quality of life (HR-QOL), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), depressed mood, reduced functional capacities, cognitive impairment, and hypertension, as well as increased risk of cardiovascular disease and higher mortality in the CKD and dialysis populations [2–5].

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is widely accepted as the most effective therapy for OSA. In patients suffering from moderate to severe OSA, CPAP can improve cognitive function, daytime sleepiness, subjective sleep quality, HR-QOL, and mood [6,7]. However, poor compliance has been documented to lead to suboptimal treatment.

While there is one report about the acute beneficial effects of CPAP therapy on OSA in dialysis patients [8], there are no published reports on the effects of long-term CPAP therapy on cognition, daytime sleepiness, subjective sleep quality, mood, and HR-QOL in dialysis patients with OSA.

Here, we report improved daytime sleepiness, subjective sleep quality, HR-QOL, and cognitive function after 12 months of CPAP therapy in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient with severe OSA.

Case report

A 51-year-old male with a body mass index of 25.2 kg/m² and neck circumference of 37 cm, longstanding history of hypertension and chronic glomerulonephritis, non-smoker, and 3-year history of PD was assessed pretreatment and after 12 months of CPAP therapy. He was married and educated for 16 years. He was currently unemployed, but had a previous income over 3,500 US dollars a month. He had no previous history of cardiovascular disease. He was treated with four two-liter exchanges per day, using standard dialysates that contained glucose, and his Kt/V was 1.98. His urine volume was 0.8 L/day, and residual renal function was 2.98 mL/min/1.73 m². His volume status was measured with a Body Composition Monitor (BCM; Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany), and was determined to have normohydration status (TBW; 38.0 L and overhydration; −0.6 L).

The patient participated in a prospective cohort study that investigated memory, sleep, depression, and quality of life in patients undergoing PD. He took three antihypertensive medications, including a calcium channel blocker, angiotensin receptor blocker, and diuretics, and his blood pressure was 148/90 mmHg at baseline. Baseline laboratory tests presented the following values: hemoglobin, 11.2 g/dL; serum albumin, 3.1 g/dL; serum creatinine, 14.3 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 103 mg/dL; calcium, 9.5 mg/dL; phosphorous, 4.5 mg/dL, parathyroid hormone, 276.9 pg/mL. The patient completed a standardized health interview; questionnaires focused on daytime sleepiness (the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS) and sleep quality (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), depression (the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9), and quality of life (the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36, KDQOL-36); a questionnaire on anthropometric measurements (height, weight, neck circumference); and a neuropsychological examination (the Korean version of Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale, ADAS-K; and Montreal Cognition Assessment, MoCA). Unattended in-home polysomnography (PSG) was performed at habitual sleep time using an ambulatory Watch-PAT 100 (Itamar Medical Ltd., Caesarea, Israel). The Watch-PAT test revealed the patient’s apnea hypopnea index (AHI) to be 58.8 events per hour, with an 87% SaO₂ nadir. He was referred to the otorhinolaryngology clinic for further evaluation of his OSA. Upon physical examination, the patient was found to have nasal septal deviation to the right and turbinate hypertrophy. An elongated uvula and a low, flaccid soft palate were noted, which could cause airway collapse. Comprehensive overnight PSG, which was conducted in the hospital with a Neuvo PSG Trolley (Compumedics Ltd., Abbotsford, VIC, Australia), showed severe sleep apnea with an AHI of 50.7 events per hour and a 78% SaO₂ nadir (Table 1). Respiratory events were close to obstructive, with few central apneas. CPAP with a mean pressure of 4.8 cm H₂O curtailed the obstructive respiratory events to an AHI of 2.5 events per hour. The patient admitted to nightly use of the CPAP for an average of six to seven hours. Follow-up tests for cognition, sleep, mood, and HR-QOL were performed after 12 months of CPAP treatment.

Table 1

Data from patient polysomnography

Twelve months after CPAP therapy, the patient reported feeling more refreshed in the morning and a considerable improvement in memory. His daytime vigilance greatly improved with treatment, and his post-treatment ESS score was 6, which was lower than the pre-treatment score of 15. He showed improved cognitive function (especially in constructional praxis), executive function, verbal delayed recall memory, and orientation in the ADAS-K and MoCA test. His mood test results indicated that the depression symptoms had improved, although there was little difference. He also reported a great improvement of HR-QOL in terms of cognition, sleep, overall health, physical function, and fatigue, as well as improvements in social interactions, in the KDQOL-36 questionnaire. Table 2 details the test results for cognitive function, sleep, mood, and HR-QOL before and after the 12 months of CPAP treatment (Figs. 1, 2).

Table 2

Changes in cognitive function, sleep, mood, and quality of life before and after 12 months of CPAP therapy

Figure 1

Health-related quality of life after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy.

Figure 2

Daytime vigilance, mood, cognition after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy

ADAS-K, the Korean version of Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognition Assessment; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Discussion

In this case report, clinically important manifestations of severe OSA were assessed in a PD patient prior to and 12 months after treatment with a nasally applied CPAP treatment. CPAP treatment proved to be highly successful; this approach reduced AHI to normal levels, and also improved daytime sleepiness, as well as the HR-QOL domains of cognition, sleep, overall health, physical function, fatigue, and social interaction. Interestingly, the patient reported feeling more refreshed in the morning with a considerable enhancement in memory. This corresponds with previous findings that varying periods of CPAP therapy improved memory function in patients with OSA [7].

Although OSA is highly prevalent and can severely impact outcomes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, it remains significantly underdiagnosed and undertreated by nephrologists for various reasons, such as lack of awareness and screening tools, low PSG accessibility, and poor patient compliance [1]. The Watch-PAT 100 test, which was used as a screening test in this study, is a simple approach that can help overcome these limitations. The test is less expensive than others, can be conducted on a portable monitor, and can easily be self-administered at home. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended using portable monitors to assess OSA in patients with high pretest potential for the disease [9]. Additional testing is recommended if OSA is suspected, particularly with the aim of early diagnosis in ESRD populations. The diagnostic strategy includes a questionnaire to evaluate sleep quality and EDS, along with a physical examination and objective sleep testing.

OSA is associated with low HR-QOL [2], which not only includes patients’ perception of their own well-being, but is also a major prognostic marker in patients undergoing dialysis. In two meta-analyses of OSA patients, CPAP improved physical ability, energy/vitality, and general well-being, as measured by SF-36 [10,11]. OSA is also associated with cognitive impairments, especially of verbal memory, in patients with advanced CKD [4]. However, one trial reported improvements in verbal memory function following 3 months of CPAP therapy [7]. Cognitive impairment in CKD not only increases the risk of mortality, but may also lead to poor HR-QOL and suboptimal medical care because of difficulties in following the caregiver’s recommendations regarding dietary restrictions, pharmacologic therapy, dialysis initiation and maintenance, and transplantation [12]. Despite the multiple known benefits of CPAP therapy in patients with OSA, there is a paucity of data on the effects of CPAP treatment in ESRD patients. Pressman et al [8] studied the acute impact of CPAP on eight ESRD patients with sleep disordered breathing, successfully administering CPAP to six of the patients, and found a significant improvement in nocturnal oxygenation and daytime alertness. Our case report shows that long-term CPAP therapy can be tolerated well, in spite of concerns about patient compliance. Additional factors related to renal failure, such as fluid overload and azotemia, can also contribute to the increased propensity to OSA observed in these populations. AHI, which is a severity index parameter of OSA, has been reported to be more effectively alleviated by nocturnal PD or HD than by continuous ambulatory PD or conventional HD due to greater net ultrafiltration during sleep and better uremic clearance [13–15]. After controlling for volume and uremia, CPAP could be considered primary therapy for OSA in ESRD patients.

Our study provides an additional, useful option to address the risk factors for HR-QOL, cognitive impairment, and cardiovascular morbidity in CKD and dialysis patients with OSA. Additional, larger studies of CPAP therapy in ESRD patients with OSA are necessary to further investigate whether CPAP therapy contributes to reducing HR-QOL, morbidity, and mortality in these high-risk populations.

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