Relationship between trajectories of serum albumin levels and technique failure according to diabetic status in peritoneal dialysis patients: A joint modeling approach

Mehri Khoshhali; Iraj Kazemi; S.Mohsen Hosseini; Shiva Seirafian

doi:10.23876/j.krcp.2017.36.2.182

Kidney Res Clin Pract > Volume 36(2); 2017 > Article

Khoshhali, Kazemi, Hosseini, and Seirafian: Relationship between trajectories of serum albumin levels and technique failure according to diabetic status in peritoneal dialysis patients: A joint modeling approach

Original Article

Kidney Research and Clinical Practice 2017;36(2):182-191.

Published online: June 30, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.2017.36.2.182

Relationship between trajectories of serum albumin levels and technique failure according to diabetic status in peritoneal dialysis patients: A joint modeling approach

Mehri Khoshhali^1,², Iraj Kazemi³, S.Mohsen Hosseini^2,, Shiva Seirafian⁴

¹Student Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

²Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

³Department of Statistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

⁴Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Correspondence: S.Mohsen Hosseini, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran. E-mail: hosseini@hlth.mui.ac.ir

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

In peritoneal dialysis, technique failure is an important metric to be considered. This study was performed in order to identify the relationship between trajectories of serum albumin levels and peritoneal dialysis technique failure on end-stage renal disease patients according to diabetic status. Furthermore, this study was performed to reveal predictors of serum albumin and technique failure simultaneously.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 300 (189 non-diabetic and 111 diabetic) end-stage renal disease patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis treated in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, from May 2005 to March 2015. Bayesian joint modeling was carried out in order to determine the relationship between trajectories of serum albumin levels and peritoneal dialysis technique failure in the patients according to diabetic status. Death from all causes was considered as a competing risk.

Results

Using joint modeling approach, a relationship between trajectories of serum albumin with hazard of transfer to hemodialysis was estimated as −0.720 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.971 to −0.472) for diabetic and −0.784 (95% CI, −0.963 to −0.587) for non-diabetic patients. From our findings it was showed that predictors of low serum albumin over time were time on peritoneal dialysis for diabetic patients and increase in age and time on peritoneal dialysis, history of previous hemodialysis, and lower body mass index in non-diabetic patients.

Conclusion

The results of current study showed that controlling serum albumin over time in non-diabetic and diabetic patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis treatment can decrease risk of adverse outcomes during the peritoneal dialysis period.

Keywords: Joint modeling, Peritoneal dialysis, Serum albumin, Technique failure

Introduction

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a widely accepted renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [1]. The number of patients undergoing PD treatment in the world population was estimated as 272,000 at the end of 2013. PD is a dialysis modality that permits patients to lead a higher quality life [2]. It is well-established that PD is stopped due to its technique failure [3,4]. Technique failure is an important metric to track and understand in patients with PD [5]. Technique failure can be utilized as an indicator of the quality of PD care in dialysis programs [5].

After PD technique failure, patients require a switch to hemodialysis (HD). Thus, this need must be taken in to consideration in patients starting PD. Switching from PD to HD is undesirable due to complications from temporary vascular access, disruption of daily routine, and higher costs. Since unplanned HD initiation is associated with mortality, the transition period between dialysis modalities must be predicted and planned [3]. Reasons of technique failure include; infectious complications (e.g., PD peritonitis), mechanical complications (e.g., primary catheter failure), inadequate solute clearance, ultrafiltration failure, and psychosocial issues [5]. It has also been revealed in previous studies that reasons for technique failure appear to evolve over time [5].

The serum albumin level is usually utilized as an indicator to assess nutritional status [6]. In patients on PD, the initial serum albumin levels are closely associated with cardiovascular mortality, PD technique survival and peritonitis rate [7]. Majority of previous studies have examined the effect of initial serum albumin on PD technique failure. There are few studies examining the effect of change and trend in albumin level on PD technique failure. It is essential to access the relationship between the trajectories of serum albumin and PD technique failure. Classical models such as the linear mixed model and the Cox proportional hazards model for longitudinal and time-to-event data respectively, do not consider dependencies between these two different types of data. Joint modeling of longitudinal and time to event data is a powerful method that takes into account the dependency and association between them. Using joint models, these two types of data are analyzed simultaneously [8].

The major cause of ESRD worldwide is diabetic nephropathy. The diabetes is frequently associated with multiple complications [9]. It is also one of the most essential predictors for PD technique failure [5].

In the present study, we developed the joint modeling of longitudinal and time-to-event data in order to determine the relationship between the trajectories of serum albumin levels and the PD technique failure in patients of ESRD according to diabetic status. Death from all causes during follow-up was considered as competing event. Our models also assess covariates effects on both outcomes (trajectories of serum albumin and the PD technique failure or death) simultaneously. The parameters were estimated using a Bayesian approach. The advantage of a Bayesian analysis is that it provides reasonable results, when compared to maximum likelihood approach. Furthermore, specifying a prior distribution for the parameters gives the investigator an opportunity to incorporate any existing information into the model. In addition, it can easily be performed using available software [10].

Methods

This retrospective cohort study comprised 300 ESRD patients on continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD; 189 non-diabetic and 111 diabetic) treated in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, from May 2005 to March 2015. Patients having at least 3 months on PD were selected. During the treatment period of PD, patients were evaluated approximately every three months from starting PD therapy by nephrologists and nurses at the PD clinic.

Definition of outcomes

In this study, the longitudinal outcome of interest was serum albumin levels (g/dL) measurements at different times that correspond to visiting times (approximately every 3 months) for each PD patient. Another outcome of interest was time to occurrence of the PD failure which was calculated as the number of days between dialysis initiation and the end date. The PD failure was defined as a transfer to HD. Death from all causes during follow-up on CAPD was considered as competing event. Patients were censored at the last information date if they experienced kidney transplantation during follow-up, or had not presented any of these events (death, kidney transplantation and transfer to HD) by March 2015.

Covariates

Covariates including age at PD initiation (year), gender, previous HD, body mass index (BMI, kg/m²), normalized protein catabolic ratio (nPCR, g/kg/day) and cardiovascular disease. Data were collected by medical records review.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were described by mean and standard error while categorical variables were described by frequencies and percentages. The differences of continuous and categorical variables between the two groups (diabetic and non-diabetic patients) were analyzed using the Student’s t-test and chi-squared test, respectively. Survival curves were constructed by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

In this study, we consider a class of shared parameter models proposed by Follmann and Wu [11] for jointly modeling serial data and event time data. Using this approach, the association between trajectories of serum albumin and time to competing risks was considered through shared random-effects. Joint models of longitudinal and time to event data comprises of three submodels: The first one consists of a linear mixed model for the trajectories of serum albumin levels. Suppose that for patient i (i = 1, 2, ..., n) at time point t_ij (j = 1, 2, ..., n_i), that n and n_i are number of patients and visits of patient i, respectively, the linear mixed model has the structure:

Albuminij=intercept1+β11tij+β21 agei+β31genderi+β41HDi+β51BMIij+β61nPcrij+β71cvdi+bi+eij,

Where β’s are parameters to reflect the effects of the covariates (intercept, time on CAPD, age, gender, previous HD, BMI, nPCR and cardiovascular disease). The quantity e_ij is a random error term and is assumed to be normally distributed. b_i, is a patient-specific random effect that represents between-patient heterogeneity in an outcome variable (serum albumin level) that cannot be explained by measured covariates. The submodels of second and third consist of the parametric survival models of Weibull. We graphically [12] and based on deviance information criteria (DIC) [13] preferred a parametric model of Weibull to Cox regression model. In the Weibull regression method, coefficients can be interpreted exactly the same way as those of the Cox model. In this method, the underlying hazard is more simply expressed with assuming Weibull distribution for the time to event data [14].

The hazard functions of the survival models at time t can be written as:

hi,h(t)=hi0,h(t) exp(intercept2+β21 agei+β22genderi+β22HDi+β42BMIi+β52nPcri+β62cvdi+α1bi),hi,d(t)=hi0,d(t) exp(intercept3+β13 agei+β22genderi+β33HDi+β43BMIi+β53nPcri+β63cvdi+α2bi),

Where h_i,h(t) and h_i,d(t) are the hazard of PD failure and death from all causes for the patient i at time t, respectively, h_i0,h and h_i0,d are baseline hazard functions with weibull distribution, β’s are parameters for the effects of covariates, α₁ and α₂ are association parameters of serum albumin trajectories with PD failure and death from all causes, respectively. The longitudinal and survival submodels joined through shared random-effect of b_i with normal distribution. The parameter estimation obtained using Bayesian approach. A parameter is significant at 5% only if the 95% Bayesian confidence interval (CI) is not included 0. We used the software package OpenBUGS (version 3.2.3) [15], was used in deriving the posterior distribution of the parameters through the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. We also considered standard prior distribution for all parameters. R software package (version 3.2.2) was utilized for other analyses such as descriptive statistics, plots and tests of chi-squared, t-test and log rank. The packages of R and OpenBUGS are free software. Joint modeling approach was performed on non-diabetic, diabetic and all of CAPD patients in the study. In order to get more accurate estimation for association parameter, it was also performed on CAPD patients without history of previous HD.

Results

There were 300 patients on CAPD in the study, 63% were non-diabetic. Mean and standard error of age at PD initiation, baseline values albumin, BMI, and nPCR, and frequency (%) of gender, previous HD and cardiovascular disease according to diabetic status are shown in Table 1. Means of age and BMI for diabetic CAPD patients were higher than mean age for non-diabetics. This increase in means were significant using t-test analysis (P < 0.05). There were a greater proportion of men and patients with history of cardiovascular disease in diabetics group. Using chi-squared tests, the relationships between diabetic with gender and history of cardiovascular disease were significant (P < 0.05).

During follow-up period per patient, the averages of longitudinal measurements or visits were 7.03 (range, 1 to 29 visits) and 7.23 (range, 1 to 24 visits) for non-diabetic and diabetic patients, respectively. Fig. 1 show the observed longitudinal measures of albumin plotted against time for all of the PD patients (non-diabetic and diabetic) that were included in the analysis. For event of PD failure, the median survival times, using Kaplan-Meier approach for non-diabetic and diabetic patients were 2,684 and 2,483 days, respectively. The median survival times for event of death from all causes were also 2,442 and 1,615 for non-diabetic and diabetic patients, respectively. There was no significant difference between survival distributions for two groups of non-diabetic and diabetic patients using log rank tests (P = 0.706 for PD failure and P = 0.071 for death). Kaplan-Meier survival plots of PD failure and death from all causes for CAPD patients are shown in Fig. 2. Overall, 18.97% of diabetic PD patients were transferred to HD and 37.8% died during the follow up; for non-diabetic PD patients 16.4% were transferred to HD and 23.8% died, the other patients were still under PD at the end of follow-up in each two groups. Majority of deaths were due to cardiovascular disease and the main cause of transfer to HD was peritonitis. Table 2 denotes causes of transfer to HD for CAPD patients according to diabetic.

Table 3 shows the results of joint modeling of albumin repeated measurements and time to PD failure. Table 3 contains estimate and 95% CI of parameters for two submodels (longitudinal and survival) on diabetic, non-diabetic, without previous HD, and all of CAPD patients in the study. In Table 3, we considered Weibull regression for survival submodel. Joint modeling with Cox regression for survival submodel was also performed (Supplementary table 1). The DIC for Weibull regression was lower than Cox regression for survival submodel (Supplementary table 2). Therefore, in order to interpret of results of the present study, we focused on the more precise estimates of the joint models with Weibull regression for survival submodel.

For diabetic patients, the value of association parameter (α), that described the relationship between values of trajectories of serum albumin and the hazard for PD failure (95% CI) or death was estimated as −0.720 (−0.971, −0.472) or −0.279 (−0.469, −0.114), and indicated that trajectories of serum albumin and the hazard for PD failure or death were negatively correlated. Predictor of low serum albumin over time was increase in time on CAPD for these patients; the hazard of PD failure was associated with cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. The hazard of death from all causes was associated with previous HD and cardiovascular disease.

For non-diabetic patients, the value of association parameter (95% CI) was estimated as −0.784 (−0.963, −0.587) for PD failure and −0.169 (−0.340, −0.032) for death from all causes. Predictors of low serum albumin over time were increase in time on CAPD and age of PD initiation and decrease in BMI for these patients; the hazard of PD failure was associated with age in non-diabetic patients. The hazard of death from all causes was associated with age and cardiovascular disease.

For patients without history of previous HD, the value of association parameter (95% CI) was estimated as −0.84 (−0.978, −0.702) for PD failure and −0.338 (−0.540, −0.158) for death from all causes. Predictors of low serum albumin over time were increase in time on CAPD and age of PD initiation. The hazard of death from all causes was associated with age and cardiovascular disease.

For all of patients, the value of association parameter (95% CI) was estimated as −0.653 (−0.884, −0.411) for PD failure and −0.355 (−0.567, −0.228) for death from all causes. Predictors of low serum albumin over time were increase in time on CAPD and age of PD initiation, and decrease in BMI and nPCR; the hazard of PD failure was associated with age for all of patients. The hazard of death from all causes was associated with age, previous HD and cardiovascular disease.

Discussion

Results of this study showed an important relationship between trajectories of the serum albumin and hazard of PD failure in ESRD patients according to diabetic status using a Bayesian joint modeling of longitudinal measurements and survival data. Furthermore, the impact of influential covariates on the trajectories of serum albumin levels and hazard of PD failure was found. In our findings, it was revealed that increase in the serum albumin level over time was associated with decrease in hazard for PD failure for each two groups of diabetic and non-diabetic CAPD patients.

The results of our study showed that diabetes mellitus was not significantly associated with survival of technique and patient. However, relationship between trajectories of the serum albumin and hazard of PD failure were significant for two groups of diabetic and non-diabetic CAPD patients and the values of association parameter were approximately similar in both groups. It was also revealed in several studies, notwithstanding the risks involved, that there was no difference in technique survival between diabetic and non-diabetic dialysis patients [16].

Several studies indicated that the initial serum albumin as a significant predictor related to technique failure and death [17,18]. In the present study, using a joint modeling of longitudinal and survival data, association between the trajectories of serum albumin and technique failure were determined.

In a study carried out by Flanigan et al [19], it was reported that serum albumin values, remained marginal and unchanged over the five-year project since 1995 to 2000. In our study, serum albumin decreased slightly over time in CAPD patients.

In most studies on technique failure, similar to the findings of our study, gender was not associated with technique failure [20–22].

In the present study, cardiovascular disease and increasing age were the predictors of death which was similar to the findings of study by Chidambaram et al [23].

In this study, increasing age at PD initiation was associated with decrease in technical failure. This finding conflicts with previous studies on PD failure suggesting that relative risk of technique failure increases with increase in age [23,24]. This may explain why the older PD patients in our study prefer to persist with PD undermining of PD-related complications. By contrast, a cooperative study from the Netherlands revealed that elderly patients had a lower risk of death-censored technique failure compared with younger patients [25]. Furthermore, According to studies of Mujais and Story [21,22], age had a small effect on risk of transfer to HD.

Our findings also revealed that HD before starting PD had no impact on technique failure, which was similar to the study of Mujais and Story [22], although it was revealed in various studies that patients with history of HD prior to PD had a higher risk of technique failure [21,23,26].

There are some limitations associated with this study. The study was carried out on PD patients of one center, and therefore it may include a center-specific effect. Also, sample size was relatively small in each two groups (diabetic and non-diabetic). In addition, transfer to HD is a medical decision based on patients’ motivation to stay on PD or to change their modality of dialysis. The relationship between the nephrologist and patient determined these subjective parameters and may even influence the medical decision to transfer [27]. This relationship was not studied here.

This study indicated that increase in serum albumin values over time was associated with decreased risk of the PD technique failure using Bayesian joint models for longitudinal and time to event data. In addition, this method indicated predictors of serum albumin levels and technique failure simultaneously.

Supplementary Data

krcp-36-182_suppl.1.pdf

krcp-36-182_suppl.2.pdf

Acknowledgments

This study is part of a PhD thesis in Biostatistics (Grant no. 394537). The authors thank the Vice-Chancellor for Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figure 1

Trajectory plot for serum albumin levels (g/dL)

(A) Non-diabetic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, (B) diabetic PD patients.

Figure 2

Kaplan-Meier survival plots for peritoneal dialysis failure (A) and death from all causes (B)

The solid and dashed lines depict the survival curves for non-diabetic and diabetic patients, respectively.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of CAPD patients according to diabetes

Variable	Total (n = 300)	Diabetes (n = 111)	Non-diabetes (n = 189)	P
Age (yr)	54.18 ± 0.99	61.01 ± 0.93	50.17 ± 1.40	< 0.0001
Albumin(g/dL)	3.54 ± 0.03	3.47 ± 0.05	3.58 ± 0.04	0.105
Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.50 ± 0.26	25.38 ± 0.34	23.99 ± 0.36	0.010
nPCR (g/kg/d)	0.826 ± 0.01	0.804 ± 0.01	0.824 ± 0.01	0.265
Gender (male)	156 (52.0)	66 (59.5)	90 (47.6)	0.047
Previous hemodialysis	96 (32.0)	28 (25.2)	68 (36.0)	0.054
Cardiovascular disease	75 (25.0)	41 (36.9)	34 (18.0)	< 0.0001

Values are presented as mean ± standard error, number (%), or number only.

P-value was obtained using t-test for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables.

CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; nPCR, normalized protein catabolic ratio.

Table 2

Causes of transfer to hemodialysis

Cause	Diabetes (n = 21)	Non-diabetes (n = 31)	Total (n = 52)
Peritonitis	11 (52.4)	10 (32.3)	21
Catheter dysfunction	4 (19.0)	9 (29.0)	13
Dialysis inadequacy	4 (19.0)	7 (22.6)	11
Miscellaneous reasons unrelated to CAPD	2 (9.5)	5 (16.1)	7

Values are presented as number (%).

CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Table 3

Joint modeling of repeatedly measured serum albumin and PD failure or death

Variable	Diabetes		Non-diabetes		Without HD previous		Total

	Estimate (95% CI)	HR	Estimate (95% CI)	HR	Estimate (95% CI)	HR	Estimate (95% CI)	HR
Longitudinal submodel						–
Time on CAPD	−0.00003^* (−0.00012, 0.00005)	–	−0.00009^* (−0.00014, −0.00003)	–	−0.00008^* (−0.0001, −0.00002)	–	−0.00006^* (−0.00010, −0.00001)	–
Gender (male)	0.039 (−0.104, 0.187)	–	−0.051 (−0.150, 0.047)	–	0.019 (−0.081, 0.120)	–	−0.015 (−0.096, 0.065)	–
Age at PD initiation (yr)	−0.004 (−0.011, 0.003)	–	−0.008^* (−0.011, −0.005)	–	−0.007^* (−0.011, −0.003)	–	−0.006^* (−0.009, −0.004)	–
Previous HD	−0.109 (−0.278, 0.066)	–	0.003 (−0.106, 0.104)	–	–	–	−0.048 (−0.139, 0.047)	–
Diabetes mellitus	–	–	–	–	−0.060 (−0.173, 0.049)	–	−0.087 (−0.178, 0.002)	–
nPCR (g/kg/d)	0.102 (−0.117, 0.313)	–	0.128 (−0.002, 0.258)	–	0.073 (−0.055, 0.198)	–	0.124^* (0.003, 0.240)	–
Cardiovascular disease	−0.053 (−0.202, 0.094)	–	−0.018 (−0.151, 0.115)	–	−0.094 (−0.212, 0.027)	–	−0.058 (−0.153, 0.038)	–
BMI (kg/m²)	0.015 (−0.002, 0.029)	–	0.011^* (0.000, 0.020)	–	0.008 (−0.0006, 0.018)	–	0.011^* (0.004, 0.020)	–
Survival submodel	(Transfer to HD)
Gender (male)	−0.120 (−1.058, 0.893)	0.887	0.080 (−0.683, 0.823)	1.084	−0.483 (−1.217, 0.232)	0.617	−0.063 (−0.671, 0.522)	0.939
Age at PD initiation (yr)	−0.004 (−0.058, 0.055)	0.996	−0.029^* (−0.052, −0.007)	0.971	−0.014 (−0.039, 0.010)	0.986	−0.021^* (−0.040, −0.002)	0.979
Previous HD	0.042 (−1.281, 1.226)	1.043	−0.047 (−0.944, 0.752)	0.954	–	–	0.038 (–0.610, 0.680)	1.039
Diabetes mellitus	–	–	–	–	0.315 (−0.441, 1.063)	1.370	−0.178 (−0.923, 0.507)	0.837
nPCR (g/kg/d)	−1.692 (−5.864, 2.568)	0.184	−2.186 (−5.536, 0.405)	0.112	−1.382 (−4.169, 0.951)	0.251	−1.062 (−3.335, 0.985)	0.346
Cardiovascular disease	1.309^* (0.275, 2.450)	3.702	−0.171 (−1.674, 1.003)	0.843	0.195 (−0.658, 1.006)	1.215	0.546 (−0.122, 1.222)	1.726
BMI (kg/m²)	0.014 (−0.144, 0.165)	1.014	0.006 (−0.065, 0.074)	1.006	−0.005 (−0.058, 0.045)	0.995	0.015 (−0.051, 0.079)	1.015
Association parameter	−0.720^* (−0.971, −0.472)	0.487	−0.784^* (−0.963, −0.587)	0.457	−0.840^* (−0.978, −0.702)	0.432	−0.653^* (−0.884, −0.411)	0.521
Survival submodel	(Death from all causes)
Gender (male)	−0.245 (−0.910, 0.412)	0.783	0.072 (−0.535, 0.682)	1.075	−0.168 (−0.777, 0.425)	0.845	−0.182 (−0.621, 0.280)	0.834
Age at PD initiation (yr)	0.019 (−0.020, 0.060)	1.019	0.034^* (0.016, 0.052)	1.034	0.038^* (0.010, 0.066)	1.038	0.029^* (0.013, 0.047)	1.030
Previous HD	1.035^* (0.207, 1.836)	2.815	0.588 (−0.044, 1.222)	1.800	–	–	0.736^* (0.273, 1.191)	2.088
Diabetes mellitus	–	–	–	–	−0.025 (−0.625, 0.590)	0.976	0.225 (−0.215, 0.679)	1.253
nPCR (g/kg/d)	−0.263 (−3.541, 2.999)	0.769	−0.923 (−2.859, 0.822)	0.397	−0.537 (−2.464, 1.3)	0.585	−0.031 (−1.740, 1.503)	0.969
Cardiovascular disease	0.693^* (0.034, 1.354)	1.999	0.841^* (0.167, 1.486)	2.318	0.982^* (0.391, 1.572)	2.670	0.603^* (0.158, 1.048)	1.827
BMI (kg/m²)	0.025 (−0.082, 0.134)	1.025	−0.072 (−0.145, 0.000)	0.931	−0.006 (−0.057, 0.045)	1.263	−0.011 (−0.063, 0.040)	0.989
Association parameter	−0.279^* (−0.469, −0.114)	0.757	−0.169^* (−0.340, −0.032)	0.844	−0.338^* (−0.540, −0.158)	0.713	−0.355^* (−0.567, −0.228)	0.701

BMI, body mass index; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; CI, Bayesian confidence interval; HD, hemodialysis; HR, hazards ratio; nPCR, normalized protein catabolic ratio; PD, peritoneal dialysis.

^* Statistically significance at level 0.05.

References

1. Kofteridis DP, Valachis A, Perakis K, Maraki S, Daphnis E, Samonis G. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: clinical features and predictors of outcome. Int J Infect Dis 14:e489–e493. 2010;

2. Fresenius Medical Care. ESRD Patients in 2013. A Global Perspective. Homburg: Fresenius Medical Care; p. 1–12. 2014.

3. Boissinot L, Landru I, Cardineau E, Zagdoun E, Ryckelycnk JP, Lobbedez T. Is transition between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis really a gradual process? Perit Dial Int 33:391–397. 2013;

4. Davies SJ, Phillips L, Griffiths AM, Russell LH, Naish PF, Russell GI. What really happens to people on long-term peritoneal dialysis? Kidney Int 54:2207–2217. 1998;

5. Quinn RR, Ravani P, Hochman J. Technique failure in peritoneal dialysis patients: insights and challenges. Perit Dial Int 30:161–162. 2010;

6. Gom I, Fukushima H, Shiraki M, Miwa Y, Ando T, Takai K, Moriwaki H. Relationship between serum albumin level and aging in community-dwelling self-supported elderly population. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 53:37–42. 2007;

7. Chiu PF, Tsai CC, Wu CL, Yang TY, Liou HH, Chen HL, Kor CT, Chang CC, Chang HR. Trajectories of serum albumin predict survival of peritoneal dialysis patients: a 15-year follow-up study. Medicine (Baltimore) 95:e32022016;

8. Ibrahim JG, Chu H, Chen LM. Basic concepts and methods for joint models of longitudinal and survival data. J Clin Oncol 28:2796–2801. 2010;

9. Chung SH, Han DC, Noh H, Jeon JS, Kwon SH, Lindholm B, Lee HB. Risk factors for mortality in diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25:3742–3748. 2010;

10. Horrocks J, van Den Heuvel MJ. Prediction of pregnancy: a joint model for longitudinal and binary data. Bayesian Anal 4:523–538. 2009;

11. Follmann D, Wu M. An approximate generalized linear model with random effects for informative missing data. Biometrics 51:151–168. 1995;

12. Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. Survival analysis: a self-learning text. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2012.

13. Ibrahim JG, Chen MH, Sinha D. Bayesian survival analysis. New York: Springer Verlag; 2001.

14. Odell PM, Anderson KM, Kannel WB. New models for predicting cardiovascular events. J Clin Epidemiol 47:583–592. 1994;

15. Ntzoufras I. Bayesian modeling using winBUGS. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2009.

16. Kuriyama S. Peritoneal dialysis in patients with diabetes: are the benefits greater than the disadvantages? Perit Dial Int 27:Suppl 2. S190–S195. 2007;

17. Shen JI, Mitani AA, Saxena AB, Goldstein BA, Winkelmayer WC. Determinants of peritoneal dialysis technique failure in incident US patients. Perit Dial Int 33:155–166. 2013;

18. Blake PG, Flowerdew G, Blake RM, Oreopoulos DG. Serum albumin in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis--predictors and correlations with outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 3:1501–1507. 1993;

19. Flanigan MJ, Rocco MV, Prowant B, Frederick PR, Frankenfield DL. Clinical performance measures: the changing status of peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 60:2377–2384. 2001;

20. Han SH, Lee JE, Kim DK, Moon SJ, Kim HW, Chang JH, Kim BS, Kang SW, Choi KH, Lee HY, Han DS. Long-term clinical outcomes of peritoneal dialysis patients: single center experience from Korea. Perit Dial Int 28:Suppl 3. S21–S26. 2008;

21. Mujais S, Story K. Peritoneal dialysis in the US: evaluation of outcomes in contemporary cohorts. Kidney Int Suppl (103):S21–S26. 2006;

22. Mujais S, Story K. Patient and technique survival on peritoneal dialysis in patients with failed renal allograft: a case-control study. Kidney Int Suppl (103):S133–S137. 2006;

23. Chidambaram M, Bargman JM, Quinn RR, Austin PC, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Patient and physician predictors of peritoneal dialysis technique failure: a population based, retrospective cohort study. Perit Dial Int 31:565–573. 2011;

24. Churchill DN, Thorpe KE, Nolph KD, Keshaviah PR, Oreopoulos DG, Pagé D. Increased peritoneal membrane transport is associated with decreased patient and technique survival for continuous peritoneal dialysis patients. The Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1285–1292. 1998;

25. Lim WH, Dogra GK, McDonald SP, Brown FG, Johnson DW. Compared with younger peritoneal dialysis patients, elderly patients have similar peritonitis-free survival and lower risk of technique failure, but higher risk of peritonitis-related mortality. Perit Dial Int 31:663–671. 2011;

26. Liberek T, Renke M, Skonieczny B, Kotewicz K, Kowalewska J, Chmielewski M, Kot J, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Rutkowski B. Therapy outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients transferred from haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:2889–2894. 2009;

27. Béchade C, Guittet L, Evans D, Verger C, Ryckelynck JP, Lobbedez T. Early failure in patients starting peritoneal dialysis: a competing risks approach. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29:2127–2135. 2014;